Print Working Directory (pwd):
pwd command is used to print working directory means it will display the current directory name where you are working. Type the pwd command press Enter Key to do so.
pwd
Displaying List of files and subdirectories:
ls command is used to display list of files and subdirectory in the current directory. It is just like DIR command of DOS (Disk Operating System). Like DOS, this command also has options. Options are always used with – followed by option name. Type the following command at Linux shell prompt and press Enter Key.
ls
Above Linux command will display list of files and subdirectories in current directory.
ls –l
Above Linux command will display detailed list of file and subdirectories of current working directory. Details list of files and directories includes file permissions, file owner, file size, file modification time then at the last filename or directory name.
ls –a
Above Linux command will display list of file and directories including hidden files.
What should I do when option of commands do not work: There may be following reasons.
1. You may be mistakenly put a space between – sign and option name. There must not be any space between – sign and option name.
2. There must be a space between command (ls) and – sign.
ls directory name
Above Linux command ls is followed by a directory name will display the content of the mentioned directory.
Wild Cards: Same as in DOS, wild cards are also used in Linux OS. There are two wild cards * and ?. * Means any number of characters and ? Means single character.
ls –l pro*
Above command will display all those files, which name start from pro. For example product, promote etc.
ls –l pro?
Above command will display all those file, which name start from pro and fourth character is something else. For example prod, proc etc.
Nov 27, 2007
Nov 26, 2007
Linux Shell Commands (Tutorial):
Rules for naming a file in Linux or naming conventions:
There are some rules for naming file in Linux OS. Here are they:
1. Filename must not have blanks. You can not create filename Manoj Pal but you can create ManojPal.
2. Filenames in Linux are case sensitive that means Apple, apple and APPLE are different filenames. You cannot access Apple by typing apple.
3. Filename could be 255 characters long and this file name may be combinations of upper and lower case letters.
4. You can use . dot Underscore _ hyphen – in file names at any place in the filename.
5. Filename also may have extensions.
6. You can use more than one dot in filename and at any place.
Creating More than one directory using single mkdir command:
It is possible too to create more than one directory at a time by using single mkdir command. To do so type mkdir command at Linux command prompt followed by directory names which are to be created.
mkdir product product/computer product/computer/floppy
the above command will create a directory called product in current working directory and directory named computer under product directory and floppy under computer direcotory.
What should I do when I will not be able to create a directory:
There are certain rules to create a directory under Linux OS. If tries to create directory under Linux/Unix OS and fails then it may be due to following reasons.
1. The directory you are trying to create, a file with same name exists in the same directory.
2. You don’t have enough permission to create a directory.
3. Directory already present with the same name as you desire to create.
Changing a directory:
If you wish to change your current working directory. cd command is used. Just suppose if you want to change your current working directory to product directory. Type the following command to do so.
cd product
Removing a directory: To remove any directory under Linux OS. rmdir command is used. suppose you want to remove directory called product. command will be as follows.
rmdir product
Removing more than one directory using single rmdir command:
It is possible too to remove more than one directory at a time by using single rmdir command. To do so type rmdir command at Linux command prompt followed by directory names which are to be deleted.
rmdir product/computer/floppy product/computer product
the above command will delete three directories at a time. But one thing always you should keep in your mind, while removing directories, you should remove lower level directory first then upper level in the tree as shown in the above example.
What should I do when I will not be able to remove any directory:
There are certain rules to remove a directory under Linux OS. If tries to remove directory under Linux/Unix OS and fails then it may be due to following reasons.
1. The directory you are trying to remove is not empty means the directory have subdirectories first remove then and try again.
2. You don’t have enough permission to remove a directory.
3. you must be get out of that directory which is to be deleted you must not be in anyone of its subdirectories in order to delete the directory.
There are some rules for naming file in Linux OS. Here are they:
1. Filename must not have blanks. You can not create filename Manoj Pal but you can create ManojPal.
2. Filenames in Linux are case sensitive that means Apple, apple and APPLE are different filenames. You cannot access Apple by typing apple.
3. Filename could be 255 characters long and this file name may be combinations of upper and lower case letters.
4. You can use . dot Underscore _ hyphen – in file names at any place in the filename.
5. Filename also may have extensions.
6. You can use more than one dot in filename and at any place.
Creating More than one directory using single mkdir command:
It is possible too to create more than one directory at a time by using single mkdir command. To do so type mkdir command at Linux command prompt followed by directory names which are to be created.
mkdir product product/computer product/computer/floppy
the above command will create a directory called product in current working directory and directory named computer under product directory and floppy under computer direcotory.
What should I do when I will not be able to create a directory:
There are certain rules to create a directory under Linux OS. If tries to create directory under Linux/Unix OS and fails then it may be due to following reasons.
1. The directory you are trying to create, a file with same name exists in the same directory.
2. You don’t have enough permission to create a directory.
3. Directory already present with the same name as you desire to create.
Changing a directory:
If you wish to change your current working directory. cd command is used. Just suppose if you want to change your current working directory to product directory. Type the following command to do so.
cd product
Removing a directory: To remove any directory under Linux OS. rmdir command is used. suppose you want to remove directory called product. command will be as follows.
rmdir product
Removing more than one directory using single rmdir command:
It is possible too to remove more than one directory at a time by using single rmdir command. To do so type rmdir command at Linux command prompt followed by directory names which are to be deleted.
rmdir product/computer/floppy product/computer product
the above command will delete three directories at a time. But one thing always you should keep in your mind, while removing directories, you should remove lower level directory first then upper level in the tree as shown in the above example.
What should I do when I will not be able to remove any directory:
There are certain rules to remove a directory under Linux OS. If tries to remove directory under Linux/Unix OS and fails then it may be due to following reasons.
1. The directory you are trying to remove is not empty means the directory have subdirectories first remove then and try again.
2. You don’t have enough permission to remove a directory.
3. you must be get out of that directory which is to be deleted you must not be in anyone of its subdirectories in order to delete the directory.
Nov 24, 2007
Linux Shell Commands (Tutorial):
Shell commands are commands through which we can operate Linux. Here I am giving commands that how to operate Linux shell. These commands must be typed in small case at Linux shell prompt.
Creating a text file in Linux Shell:cat > filename
By using above shell command we can easily create a file in Linux OS. You can give any filename of your wish and then press Enter Key and then type some matter (text) for the file and then press CTRL + D from the keyboard to save the file and you are done. You have successfully created a file in Linux.
Suppose you want to display contents of any text file in Linux OS, just type the following command at the Linux shell prompt and press Enter (Return) Key.
cat filenameIn place of filename you can type any filename that exist in that directory. This will show you whole contents of the file.
Displaying contents of more than one file in one command:
By using following command you can display content of more then one file at a time in a single shell command. Here in this example I am displaying matter of two files at a time.
cat filename1 filename2
Removing a file:
If you no longer need any file then you can easily remove any file from shell to do so type the following command at shell prompt.
rm filename
Making a directory:
If you want to make a directory type the following command at the shell prompt and then press Enter Key.
mkdir directoryname
You can type any directory name as your want.
Nov 7, 2007
Mobile Repairing through codes:
Now-a-days mobile has become part of our life. Sometimes it may be locked unfortunately. There are two ways to unlock the mobile.
- By using Computer software
- By commands/ codes
Seconds method is easy. Through codes we can do lot of things such as unlocking, resetting, formatting etc. Repairing with code does not require any kind of tool, PC and cable. This type of repairing will be done in mobile handset itself.
*#92702689#: Type this number in your NOKIA mobile handset and soon you will come to know some important details of your handset such as IMEI number, Life timer, Made, Purchasing date etc. In order to go in standby mode again you have to switch off and then switch on the mobile handset.
To find out IMEI no of GSM Mobile:
*#06#: Type this number on mobile handset and you will come to know that what is your mobile’s IMEI number.
What is IMEI number:
It is 15 digits number. Each and every mobile has different IMEI number. IMEI means International Mobile Equipment and Identification Number). You may find this number beneath the battery at the back of the mobile handset.
| XXXXXX | XX | XXXXXX | X |
| TAC | FAC | SNR | SPR |
| Type Approval Code | Final Assembly Code | Serial Number Code | Spare Code |
*#7780#: To restore factory settings in NOKIA Handset.
*2767*3855#: Master unlock-code in SAMSUNG GSM Handset (Old model)
*2767*2878#: Master unlock-code in SAMSUNG GSM Handset
*2767*7377#: Master unlock-code in SAMSUNG GSM Handset (New Model)
*#523#: To adjust LCD contrast in SAMSUNG GSM mobile.
*#0228#: To display details of battery temperature and capacitance in SAMSUNG mobile.
*759#813380#: To unlock SAMSUNG T191 CDMA. After dialing this press ‘0’ , 13 times from the keypad.
Master reset code for SAMSUNG SCH N-356 SLIM:
47*869#123580 then type 060.
Note : you need not type : in above codes.
Nov 2, 2007
HAZWOPER TRAINING
| Free 40 Hour HAZWOPER TRAINING November 13-16, 2007 8:00 a.m. - 6:00 p.m. McCoy Administrative Bldg. Wellpinit, WA Contact: Spokane Tribal College 258-9202 or SHAWL Society 258-8952  SHAWL SOCIETY P.O. Box 61 Wellpinit, WA 99040 Phone: 509.258.8952 - 509.258.4313 shawlsociety@yahoo.com |
HISTORY
Uranium mining began on native lands in the 1950’s and continued until the market dropped in the early l980’s. Tribal members worked in the mining industry for three decades with little or no information about the toxic conditions of the workplace.
Two open-pit mines were launched on the Spokane Reservation. Midnite Mine began in 1953 and became a Superfund Site in 2000. There are complex difficulties with the Midnite reclamation due to aquifer penetration during mining operations, creating perpetual seepage evolving into two lakes of standing contaminated water which flows into Blue Creek and the Spokane River after undergoing a dated water treatment process.
Sherwood Mine was operated by Western Nuclear from 1978 until 1984 and has since been reclaimed. However, an estimated 1200 workers at Sherwood Mine and Millsite were never provided sufficient information about the detrimental impacts of radiation and by-product toxins associated with the uranium mining.
The residents of this reservation suffer disproportionate health impacts as a result of radiation and heavy metal contaminant exposure. There has never been a baseline health study conducted to determine health impact. Risk exposure to the community is especially high due to the subsistence lifestyle and cultural/spiritual practices, including hunting, fishing, gathering roots and berries, logging, sweatlodge and medicinal plant use.
Two open-pit mines were launched on the Spokane Reservation. Midnite Mine began in 1953 and became a Superfund Site in 2000. There are complex difficulties with the Midnite reclamation due to aquifer penetration during mining operations, creating perpetual seepage evolving into two lakes of standing contaminated water which flows into Blue Creek and the Spokane River after undergoing a dated water treatment process.
Sherwood Mine was operated by Western Nuclear from 1978 until 1984 and has since been reclaimed. However, an estimated 1200 workers at Sherwood Mine and Millsite were never provided sufficient information about the detrimental impacts of radiation and by-product toxins associated with the uranium mining.
The residents of this reservation suffer disproportionate health impacts as a result of radiation and heavy metal contaminant exposure. There has never been a baseline health study conducted to determine health impact. Risk exposure to the community is especially high due to the subsistence lifestyle and cultural/spiritual practices, including hunting, fishing, gathering roots and berries, logging, sweatlodge and medicinal plant use.
CURRENT PROJECTS
CURRENT PROJECTS
- Community Uranium Radiation Education (CURE) gatherings
- Resource Centers at Spokane Tribal College and IHS Clinic
- Community Training Events
- Uranium Curriculum Development Project with Wellpinit/Laguna Pueblo Schools
- Youth Video Training Project with TANF
- Indigenous Plants/Hide Tanning Projects
- Radiation Exposure Compensation Act (RECA) information services
- Radiation Exposure Screening Education Program with IHS
- Protecting Sacred Sites and Ceremonial Practices
- Spokane River Fish Consumption Outreach
- Holds membership in regional/national networks Peace Development Funds, BASE INITIATIVE; Indigenous Environmental Network; Western Mining Action Network