Inkers

Inkers is a provider of a toner and inkjet printer cartridges (generic or compatible). They provide high quality ink cartridges for your Laser printer, Inkjet printer, multifunction printer and fax machines.

They says "One best thing to purchase from them is they give guarantee against defect for one year and a 30 days no question ask money back guarantee they give.
It is an cost effective alternative.

Inkers delivers free ground shipping and usually they deliver same day of orders
If you need any kind of guidance from them feel free to call them at their toll free number before 2PM Pacific at 800-848-7232 and they will be glad to guide you through. they always love to help your queries about ink cartrides.

So when you think about ink cartridges think about Inkers.

Accounting Tally Shortcuts :

As we all know that in computers, shortcuts make our day-to-day life easier. In Tally too shortcuts are there, although Tally is already easy to operate and fast to work with it however by knowing some shortcuts of Tally it would be possible to operate it extremely fast. Either you are displaying a report, creating ledgers or making vouchers, these shortcuts are really helpful.

Alt 2 :To create duplicate voucher when we display daybook. When we display day book, highlight the entry for which you want to make duplicate voucher and then press Alt 2 key. It will take you to the voucher entry screen and it is voucher duplication mode. There you save the entry and you are done.

Ctrl A:To accept duplicate voucher without asking y/n. When you are duplicating voucher by pressing Alt 2. Alt 2 will take you to the voucher entry screen there you don’t need to accept the all entries, you can directly save the entire voucher without asking y/n by pressing Ctrl A. If you are doing totally new voucher entry before typing narration press Ctrl A, will save the entry without asking y/n.

Alt C:This shortcut has many uses like
:1. To create new voucher when cursor ask account name in voucher entry mode
:2. To access calculator when cursor is at amount field in voucher entry mode.
:3. To create new column when we display any report like Balance Sheet, Trial Balance Account books etc

Alt N:To change column details like weakly, monthly, quarterly & yearly

Alt A :To change newly created column

Alt D:To delete newly created column

F7:Shortcut to change valuation method

Alt F1:To access Inventory buttons in voucher entry

F1:To access Accounting buttons in voucher entry

F1:To Select an existing company From Gateway of Tally. It will show you list of created companies to choose from.

Alt F1:To Shut a company. If more than one company is selected then it will ask us to choose which is to be closed. Select the desired company and then press Enter key will close the company.

Alt F3:To get Company Info menu when you are in Gateway of Tally. In company info menu you can do various work such as Selecting a company, Shutting a company, Create a company, Create a new company, Alter a company data, Change Tally vault, Split company data and also take backup and restore company’s data from there.

Ctrl G:To create groups while creating a new ledger.

Ctrl V :To create new voucher type while creating a new Ledger or Group

Ctrl V :To change the voucher entry mode as a voucher/ as a invoice.

Ctrl I: To create new Item while creating a new Group

Ctrl U: To create new Unit while creating a new Item/Group

Alt I: To change voucher as a accounting invoice/ item invoice.

Alt F1: To display detailed or condensed report while displaying reports.

Ctrl T: To switch between Post – Dated Voucher and regular Voucher

Ctrl R: To repeat last voucher narration

F2: To change date of voucher entry

Alt F2: To change Financial Year from Gateway of Tally

F4: To create a contra entry for deposit and withdraw from bank

F5: To create payment voucher

F6: To create receipt voucher

F7: To create journal voucher

F8: To create a sales voucher

F9: To create a purchase voucher

F11: To change features

F12: To configure settings

Ctrl N: To access calculator at any time.

Ctrl M: To Stop Calculator

Alt R: To hide a entry in a report or temporary remove

Alt S: To Unhide a entry which you hidden temporary

Alt U: To Show last entry which you hidden temporary

Alt X: To cancel/remove an entry in day book

Ctrl + Alt B: To check the tally version, Release, Build, company statutory version

Ctrl + Alt I: To import statutory masters

Ctrl + Q: To quit from tally without making any changes

Alt P: To Print any report while displaying it.

Alt E: Export

Alt M: E – Mail

Alt O: Upload

Alt L: To change Language of tally. We can change 11 languages in tally such as Bahasa
Indonesia, Bahasa Melayu, English, Gujrati, Hindi, Hinglish, Kannada, Marathi, Punjabi, Tamil, Telugu.

Alt K: To change Keyboard commands language.

Note : Company names are used in article are their respective compaines.

Related Articles :
How to disable colors in Tally
How to change financial year in Tally

Logic Gates:

Logic gates are electronic circuits in computer, which perform all operation in computer. Logic gates have one or more input signals and only one output signal. It is basic circuits for all major circuits in computer.

Types of Gates:

1. AND GATE: This type of gate may have two or more than two input and have only one output. If all inputs are high then only output will be high. If any one input will be low then output will be low. Table given below shows AND operation.

I	J	K=I*J I AND J
0	0	0
0	1	0
1	0	0
1	1	1

In AND operation both input are multiplied and then give output. So if there is any low input in AND gate then output will be low (0). To take a high output all input must be high (1).

2. OR GATE: This type of gate may have two or more than two input signal and give one output. Such type of gate gives high (1) output when any one input is high. If all inputs are low then output will be low. Table below shows OR operation.

I	J	K=I+J I OR J
0	0	0
0	1	1
1	0	1
1	1	1

Above table shows that in OR gate when value of I and J is 0 then value of K is 0 because of OR operation. Means in OR gate if all inputs will be low then output will be low. To take high output from OR gate any one of the inputs must be high.

3. NOT GATE: It has one input and one output. In NOT gate if input signal is high then output will be low. If input signal is low then output will be high. Means in this gate inverse of input signal will be received on output. To take complement of input this gate is used. Always opposite of the input signal will be received at the output. Table below shows NOT operation.

I	~I NOT I
0	1
1	0

Hexadecimal Number System:

Hexadecimal number system is also used in computers. Hexadecimal means 16. 16 Hexadecimal numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9,A,B,C,D,E,F.
Here is a table that shows decimal, binary and its hexadecimal equivalent numbers.

Decimal	Binary	Hexadecimal
0	0000	0
1	0001	1
2	0010	2
3	0011	3
4	0100	4
5	0101	5
6	0110	6
7	0111	7
8	1000	8
9	1001	9
10	1010	A
11	1011	B
12	1100	C
13	1101	D
14	1110	E
15	1111	F

Hexadecimal To Binary Conversion:

Just suppose we want to convert 3F into its binary equivalent here is how to achieve it. First of all convert 3 and F to its 4 bit equivalent binary.

3	F
0011	1111

So binary equivalent of 3F is 0011 1111

Another Example:

How to convert 3AF into its binary equivalent: 3AF is a hexadecimal number so first of all we will convert 3, A and F into its binary equivalent separately and then join them together, that will be binary equivalent of 3AF.

3	A	F
0011	1010	1111

So binary equivalent of 3AF is 0011 1010 1111.

Binary To Hexadecimal Conversion:

Here is how you can convert binary number to its hexadecimal equivalent. Just suppose we want to convert this 16 bit binary into hexadecimal. Here is the 16 bit binary number. 1111 1110 0011 1111. So first of all we will convert each 4 bits into its hexadecimal equivalent and then join them to get the answer.

1111	1110	0011	1111
F	E	3	F

So FE3F is a hexadecimal number of given binary equivalent.

How to convert from decimal to binary :

Sometimes we need to convert numbers from decimal to binary. Here is how to do the same.

Divide the decimal number by 2 until quotient remains 0 and write the remainder each time you divide. How you will do this as shown below.

Note: each time you divide the decimal number by 2 then remainder will be always either 0 or 1 because we are dividing a decimal number by 2. There is no chance to remain other than 0 or 1 as a remainder.

Example: Suppose decimal number is (13)₁₀ and we would like to convert this (13)₁₀ into binary number.

2	13
2	6	1
2	3	0
2	1	1
	0	1

In above example first of all 13 is divided by 2 so quotient will be 6 and remainder will be 1. Again divide remaining quotient 6 by 2 so quotient is now 3 and remainder is 0. Now divide this quotient 3 by 2 so quotient will be 1 and remainder is 1 too. At the last quotient 1 is divided by 2 but 1 is not divided by 2 so quotient will be 0 and remainder will be 1 and it is finished. It always happen when quotient will remain 1 and it is not divided by 2 so quotient will be 0 and remainder will be 1.

After completion of this process write down the remainders from bottom to up. In above example (1101)₂. So binary number of 13 is (1101)₂.

Here is a list of decimal and its binary equivalent.

Decimal	Binary
0	0000
1	0001
2	0010
3	0011
4	0100
5	0101
6	0110
7	0111
8	1000
9	1001
10	1010
11	1011
12	1100
13	1101
14	1110
15	1111

Another Example of Decimal to Binary conversion

Converting Decimal number 25 to its binary equivalent:

2	25
2	12	1
2	6	0
2	3	0
2	1	1
2	0	1

So writing remainders from bottom to up is (11001)₂. Binary equivalent of 25 is (11001)₂.

Microcontroller Resources Links that I Like:

Best Microcontroller Projects
www.best-microcontroller-projects.com

Parallax.com
www.parallax.com

PIC Microcontroller Projects
www.rentron.com/pic.htm

Free Electronics projects
www.electronicsinfoline.com

My PIC projects
www.ke4nyv.com/picprojects.htm

Eric’s PIC page
www.brouhaha.com/~eric/pic/

Microchip PIC Project resource and guide page
www.picguide.org/

Microchip PIC, Electronic Project
www.piclist.com/techref/piclist/projects.htm

PIC Free Projects
www.olimex.com/dev/picprojects.html

PIC projects
www.picprojects.247n.com/

PIC projects
www.oshonsoft.com/picprojects.html

PIC4Learning
www.pics4learning.com

Program Microchip PIC micros with C – sample codes
www.microchipc.com

Microchip PIC Development Tools
www.microcontrollershop.com

Microchip PIC C
www.phanderson.com/PIC/PICC/index.html

Freeware Microchip PIC C Compiler
www.htsoft.com/products/compilers/PICClite.php

Microchip PIC
www.electronic-engineering.ch/microchip/e_index.html

Microchip PIC – tutorials, papers, news
www.eg3.com/WebID/embedded/pic/blank/news-release/a-z.htm

Electronics Teacher
www.electronicsteacher.com

Introduction to digital electronics:

Decimal Number System: Numbers that we use in our day-to-day life are called decimal numbers or numbers that is formed with (0-9) numbers. Base of decimal number is 10 for example (255)₁₀. Means 255 is a decimal number and base of it is 10. Decimal numbers are 0,1,2,3,4,5,6,7,8,9 total 10 numbers. That is why base of decimal numbers is 10.

Binary Number System: This number system is used in computers. Binary means two. There are two binary numbers 0 and 1. 0 means off position of switch and 1 means on position of any switch. You may also consider 1 means (high) and 0 means (low). This high and low belongs to voltage. 0 means low voltage and one means high voltage. Previously in computers for this purpose mechanical switches are used but transistors can do this work too.

0- Low-off

1- High-on

Base of binary numbers is two. For example (1101)₂.

Bit: Bit is a short form of binary digits. (1100)₂ has four bits that is one one zero zero. 101 has three bits, one zero one. These bits may be either 0 or one.

Nibble: Four bits make one nibble for example (1100)₂ is a nibble.

Byte: One byte comprises of 8 bits (binary digits). For example (10110011)₂ is 8 bits means one byte.

Kilo Byte (KB): 1024 bytes make one-kilo byte (KB).

Mega Byte (MB): 1024 KB make one mega byte (MB). For example floppy comes in two capacities like 1.44 MB, 1.2 MB etc.

Giga Byte(MB): 1024 MB make one Giga byte (GB).

Tera Byte(TB): 1024 GB make one Tera byte (TB).

Peta Byte(PB): 1024 TB make one Peta byte (PB).

Exa Byte (EB): 1024 PB make one Exa byte (EB).

Zetta Byte (ZB): 1024 EB make one Zetta byte (ZB).

Yotta Byte (YB): 1024 ZB make one Yotta Byte (YB).

Blue Ray Disk :

From Floppy To BD :

In olden days we used to store data on tap or floppy, they were of very less capacity around 1.2 MB or 1.44 MB, we could not store even a single high-resolution photo in it. That is why it was flopped. Then CD (Compact Disc) came in to existence that can store up to 700 MB of data after that it became possible to store long size and high quality videos in it, but CD’s can store only a part of movie can’t store entire movie. Then DVD came in to existence that can store up to 4.7 GB of data, it became possible to store entire movie in one DVD. High quality video and sound can be stored in it too.

What is Blue-Ray disk?

Now a day’s Blue-Ray discs are becoming popular. Blue-Ray disc is around same size as a DVD or CD. It comes in two varieties single layer and double layer. Single layer BD (Blue-Ray disc) can hold up to 27 GB of data and double layer BD can hold up to 50 GB of data, while DVD can hold only 4.7 GB data. It can be used to store Movie, Audio, Video, MP3 and any kind of digital data. Blue violet laser of 405 nm is used to store data on it. It requires BD (Blue ray discs) player to play BD. Is is used to store High Definition videos.

It also has some unique features:

1. High Quality Video and Audio can be recorded in it.
2. Rapidly jump to any spot of the disk.
3. While watching movie, program can be record on another part of the BD.
4. Auto search of empty space.

Technorati Tags : BD , Blue Ray Disk

C++ program to demonstrate argc and argv

Every C and C++ program must have a main function. Many times we use this function without parameter (arguments) like main(). This main function also may have two parameters called argc and argv. argc is an integer type parameter and argv is pointer to string *argv[].

We can use this main function with these parameters as shown below

void main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
}

argc parameter counts the number of parameter passed to main function and argv contains actual parameters.

Here is an example to use above concept.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
clrscr();
cout << argv[1] <<endl; // argv[0] contains program name and argv[1] and onwards contains parameters passed to main
getch();
}

type the above program in c++ editor and save with file name "argdemo" compile the above program make Exe of the program by pressing F9 if you are using Turbo c++ compiler Go to the dosshell by clicking Dos shell option in File menu.

Go to the Source directory where Argedemo.exe is there.
Type argdemo a1 and press Enter key
A1 is a parameter to main function it will be stored in argv[1]
Our program will print argv[1] using cout statment so a1 will get printed on the screen.
Another Example of argc and argv parameters :

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
void main(int argc, char * argv[])
{
clrscr();
for (int i=1;i<=argc; i++)
{
cout << argv[i]<<endl;
}
getch();
}


This above program will take parameters when you run .Exe of the program and print all the given parameters using for loop from argv[1] to count of the parameters argc. If you enter four parameters then value of argc would be 4 and for loop execute four times.

C++ program to create a directory on DOS.

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dir.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
clrscr();
mkdir (argv[1]);
getch();
}

In the above program mkdir function will create a directory using argv[1] parameter.

C++ program to create multiple DOS directory :

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dir.h>
void main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
clrscr();
for (int i=1;i<=argc; i++)
{
mkdir (argv[i]);
}
getch();
}

Above program can take multiple parameters so that it can create multiple DOS directory using for loop. It will work same as mkdir in Linux / Unix.

Technorati Tags : C++, Programs, argc, argv

Exploring <dir.h> header file in C or C++

mkdir function :
mkdir function creates a DOS directory by given path. if directory is successfully created then function will return 0 and if any error occures it will return -1.

General syntax of the "mkdir" function is a follows :

int mkdir(const char *path);

Example of mkdir function :

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dir.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char name[12];
cout <<"enter directory name to be created";
cin >> name;
int c=mkdir(name);
if (c==0)
{
cout <<"directory created";
}
else
{
cout << "directory cannot be created";
}
getch();
}

Above program will asks user to enter a directory name to be created. when user enters a directory name and presses enter directory will be created. A message appears too that directory will be created successfully or not.

rmdir function :
rmdir function removes a DOS directory by given path. if directory is successfully deleted from the DOS it will return 0 and suppose if any error occures it will return -1.

General syntax of the "rmdir" function is as follows :

int rmdir(const char *path);

although rmdir deletes the directory by given path but following conditions must be met before deleting any directory by rmdir function

1. directory must be empty
2. directory must not be current working directory

Example of rmdir function :

#include<iostream.h>
#include<conio.h>
#include<dir.h>

void main()
{
clrscr();
char name[12];
cout <<"enter directory name to be created";
cin >> name;
int c=rmdir(name);
if (c==0)
{
cout <<"directory deleted";
}
else
{
cout << "directory cannot be deleted";
}
getch();
}

Above program will asks user to enter a directory name to be deleted. when user enters a directory name and presses enter directory will be deleted. A message will be appeared that directory successfully created or not.

Technorati Tags: dir.h, C++, Programs

Introduction to Microcontroller PIC 16F877/16F877A

PIC 16f877 is a 40 Pin DIP (dual in package) and is also available in PLCC and QFP. It is a high performance RISC (Reduced instruction set computer) CPU.

Flash Memory: Up to 8K x 14 Words

RAM (Data Memory): Up to 368 x 8 bytes

EEPROM: Up to 256 x 8 bytes

Operating Speed: DC – 20 MHZ and 20ns instruction cycle.

Interrupts: 15

Input/Output Ports: total 5 nos . PORTA, PORTB, PORTC PORTD, PORTE

RESETS and Delays: POR, BOR, PWRT, OST

Timers: 3

CCP Capture/Compare/PWM Modules: 2

Serial Communications: MSSP, USART

Parallel Communications: PSP

10 bit Analog To Digital Module: 8 channel input

Analog Comparators: 2

It Comes in Packages: 40 pin PDIP, 44 pin PLCC, 44 pin QFP